Humanising AI-DriveEducation: Balancing digital skills and soft skills in European universities
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the integration of humanistic management and digital skills within higher education, focusing on the evolving landscape shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise of AI technologies. As universities worldwide adapt to increased digitalization, developing soft skills—such as emotional intelligence, communication, and critical thinking—has become paramount. This research explores the current state of digital competencies among educators in Spain and Italy, revealing a gap between the required and actual skill levels. The study highlights the importance of experiential learning methods, like LEGO Serious Play, in fostering these essential soft skills. Through a mixed-methods approach, the Bricks x Tips Lab serves as a case study, demonstrating the impact of humanistic training on educators' abilities to integrate technology and effectively maintain a human-centric educational experience. Findings suggest that while digital tools enhance flexibility and accessibility, the human element remains crucial for engagement and practical learning. This research underscores the need for comprehensive AI education policies and targeted training programs to equip educators with digital and soft skills, ensuring a balanced and inclusive approach to modern education.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
References
Adıgüzel, T., Kaya, M. H., & Cansu, F. K. (2023). Revolutionizing education with AI: Exploring the transformative potential of ChatGPT. Contemporary Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13152
Aguguom, T. A., Ajayi, A., & Dare, O. E. (2020). COVID-19 and accounting education in Sub-Sahara Africa. European Journal of Business, Economics and Accountancy, 8(3), https://www.idpublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Full-Paper-COVID-19-ANDACCOUNTING-EDUCATION-IN-SUB-SAHARA-AFRICA.pdf
Anderson, G., & Hilton, S. (2015). Increase team cohesion by playing cooperative video games. CrossTalk, 33.
Alonso-García, S., Álvarez Martínez, D., & Blanco Bayo, A. (2019). Nuevas metodologías en el proceso de enseñanza. Revista de Educación a Distancia, 59, 1-21.
Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. (2022). Resolución de 4 de mayo de 2022, de la Dirección General de Evaluación y Cooperación Territorial, por la que se publica el Acuerdo de la Conferencia Sectorial de Educación, sobre la actualización del marco de referencia de la competencia digital docente. Boletín Oficial del Estado.
Aguilar-Salinas, H., Roca-García, M., & Hernández-Álvarez, M. (2019). Active learning with ICT: A necessary transformation for the digital era. Revista de Educación a Distancia, 60, 1-22.
Al Braiki, B., Harous, S., Zaki, N., & Alnajjar, F. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education and assessment methods. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 9(5), 1998-2007. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.1984
Beardsley, M., Albó, L., Aragón, P., & Hernández‐Leo, D. (2021). Emergency education affects teachers' abilities and motivation to use digital technologies. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 1455–1477. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13101
Bastos, S. M., Silva, M. M., & Caggiano, V. (2021). University Students' Perceptions on E-Learning: Cross-Study in Portugal and Italy. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(5), 2324-2335. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i5.6346
Biasi, V., Domenici, G., Capobianco, R., & Patrizi, N. (2014). Teacher self-efficacy scale (Scala sull’Auto-Efficacia del Docente – SAED): Adattamento e validazione in Italia. ECPS - Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies, 10(10), 485–509. https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2014-010-bias
Boring, A. (2017). Gender biases in student evaluations of teaching. Journal of Public Economics, 145, 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.11.006
Boyatzis, R. E., Goleman, D., & McKee, A. (2019). Emotional intelligence and its relation to cognitive and social skills. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(2), 1–14.
Brâncoveanu, R. (2020). Towards virtualisation: Impact of technologies on educational ecosystems. In Humanistic futures of learning: Perspectives from UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Network (pp. 132–135). UNESCO.
Buckley, P., & Lee, P. (2021). The impact of extra-curricular activity on the student experience. Active Learning in Higher Education, 22(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418808988
Caggiano, V., Schleutker, K., Petrone, L., & Gonzalez-Bernal, J. (2020). Towards identifying the soft skills needed in curricula: Finnish and Italian students’ self-evaluations indicate group differences. Sustainability, 12(10), 4031. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104031
Cespón, M. T. (2021). TIC/TAC y COVID-19: uso y necesidades del profesorado de secundaria en Galicia. Digital Education Review, 39, 356-373. https://doi.org/10.1344/der.2021.39.3 56-373
Chan, M. M. K., Wong, I. S. F., Yau, S. Y., & Lam, V. S. F. (2023). Critical reflection on using ChatGPT in student learning: benefits or potential risks? Nurse Educator, 48(6), E200-E201. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000001476
Chan, C. K. Y., & Tsi, L. H. (2023). The AI revolution in education: Will AI replace or assist teachers in higher education? arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.01185.
.Cuartero, M. D., Espinosa, M. P. P., & Porlán, I. G. (2019). Certificación de la competencia digital docente: propuesta para el profesorado universitario. RIED-Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia, 22(1).https://doi.org/10.5944/ried.22.1.22069
Cotton, D. R. E., Bloxham, S., Cooper, S., Downey, J., & Fornasiero, M. (2024). Breaking boundaries: a model of student-led knowledge exchange for higher education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 48(2), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2023.2300384
Dias-Trindade, S., Moreira, J. A., Huertas, J. G. G., Pintado, P. G., & Miguel, A. M. (2023). Teachers’ digital competencies in higher education in Portugal and Spain. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(4), ep463. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13604
Driscoll, A., & Wood, S. (2023). Developing outcomes-based assessment for learner-centered education: A faculty introduction. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003444176
Eggmann, F., & Blatz, M. B. (2023). ChatGPT: Chances and challenges for dentistry. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, 44(4).
Emanuel, F., Ricchiardi, P., Sanseverino, D., & Ghislieri, C. (2021). Make soft skills stronger? An online enhancement platform for higher education. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, 100096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100096
European Commission. (2019). A Union that strives for more. My agenda for Europe - Political Guidelines for the next European Commission 2019-2024. EC. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024_en
European Education and Culture Executive Agency. (2019). Eurydice, key data on early childhood education and care in Europe – 2019 edition. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2797/894279
Feldstein, S. (2019). The global expansion of AI surveillance Vol. 17, No. 9. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/files/files__WP-Feldstein-AISurveillance_final1.pdf
García, M. G., López, C. B., Molina, E. C., Casas, E. E., & Morales, Y. A. R. (2016). Development and evaluation of teamwork skills in university contexts. Are virtual environments effective? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13, 1-11.
Gauntlett, D. (2007). Creative explorations: New approaches to identities and audiences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203961407
Gellai, D. B. (2022). Enterprising Academics: Heterarchical policy networks for artificial intelligence in British higher education. ECNU Review of Education, 6, 568-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/20965311221143798
Gómez-Urquiza, J. L., Gómez-Salgado, J., Albendín-García, L., Correa-Rodríguez, M., González-Jiménez, E., & Cañadas-De la Fuente, G. A. (2019). The impact on nursing students' opinions and motivation of using a "Nursing Escape Room" as a teaching game: A descriptive study. Nurse Education Today, 72, 73-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.10.018
James, N. (2013). The learning trajectories of ‘old-timers’: Academic identities and communities of practice in higher education. In J. Hughes, N. Jewson, & L. Unwin (Eds.), Communities of Practice (pp. 141-153). Routledge.
Kasneci, E., Seßler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Gunnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., Krusche, S., Kutniok, G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel, C., Pfeffer, J., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., Stadler, M., & Kasneci, G. (2023). ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274
Kristiansen, P., & Rasmussen, R. (2014). Building a better business using the Lego serious play method. John Wiley & Sons.
Yau, H. K., & Chan, C. F. (2023). The investigation of Hong Kong university engineering students' perception of help-seeking with attitudes towards learning simulation software. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 22(1), 206-215.
López-Belmonte, J., Pozo-Sánchez, S., Fuentes-Cabrera, A., & Trujillo-Torres, J. M. (2019). Analytical competencies of teachers in big data in the era of digitalized learning. Education Sciences, 9(3), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030177
Luan, H., Geczy, P., Lai, H., Gobert, J., Yang, S. J., Ogata, H., Baltes, J., Guerra, R., Li, P., & Tsai, C. -C. (2020). Challenges and future directions of big data and artificial intelligence in education. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 580820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580820
Mannila, L., Nordén, L. Å., & Pears, A. (2018, August). Digital competence, teacher self-efficacy and training needs. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (pp. 78-85). https://doi.org/10.1145/3230977.3230993
Pelletier, K., McCormack, M., Reeves, J., Robert, J., Arbino, N., Dickson-Deane, C., & Stine, J. (2022). 2022 Educause Horizon Report Teaching and Learning edition (pp. 1-58). EDUC22.
Ragusa, A., González-Bernal, J., Trigueros, R., Caggiano, V., Navarro, N., Minguez-Minguez, L. A., Obregon, A. I., & Fernandez-Ortega, C. (2023). Effects of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic stress and anxiety, resilience and academic performance in a sample of Spanish secondary school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1073529
Ricchiardi, P., & Emanuel, F. (2018). Soft skill assessment in higher education. Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies, 18, 21-53. https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2018-018-ricc
Rodríguez-García, A. M., López Belmonte, J., Agreda Montoro, M., & Moreno-Guerrero, A. J. (2019). Productive, structural and dynamic study of the concept of sustainability in the educational field. Sustainability, 11(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205613
Romero-Rodríguez, L. M., Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., & Aguaded, I. (2020). Determining factors in MOOCs completion rates: Application test in energy sustainability courses. Sustainability, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5015
Schleutker, K. J., Caggiano, V., Coluzzi, F., & Luján, J. L. P. (2019). Soft skills and European labour market: Interviews with Finnish and Italian managers. Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies, 19, 123-144. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104031
Schiff, D. (2022). Education for AI, not AI for education: The role of education and ethics in national AI policy strategies. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 527-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00270-2
Sinhaliz, S., Burdjaco, Z., & Du Preez, J. (2023). How ChatGPT could revolutionise academia. IEEE Spectrum.
Southgate, V. (2020). Are infants alter-centric? The other and the self in early social cognition. Psychological Review, 127(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000182
Tanveer, M., Hassan, S., & Bhaumik, A. (2020). Academic policy regarding sustainability and artificial intelligence (AI). Sustainability, 12(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229435
Trentin, G. (2009). Using a wiki to evaluate individual contribution to a collaborative learning project. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00276.x
Wang, L., Lin, Y., Ye, L., Qian, Y., Shi, Y., Xu, K., Ren, H., & Geng, J. (2021). Microbial roles in dissolved organic matter transformation in full-scale wastewater treatment processes revealed by reactomics and comparative genomics. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(16), 11294-11307. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c02584
Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., & Tate, T. (2023). The affordances and contradictions of AI-generated text for writers of English as a second or foreign language. Journal of Second Language Writing, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2023.101071
Wood, R. G., McConnell, S., Moore, Q., Clarkwest, A., & Hsueh, J. (2012). The effects of building strong families: A healthy marriage and relationship skills education program for unmarried parents. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 31(2), 228-252.
World Economic Forum. (2020). The future of jobs report 2020. http://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2020
Wu, L., Jiang, S., Wang, X., Yu, L., Wang, Y., & Pan, H. (2022). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions of college students: The mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the moderating role of entrepreneurial competition experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727826
UNESCO. (2021a). COVID‐19 educational disruption and response. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
UNESCO. (2021b). Exams and assessments in COVID-19 crisis: Fairness at the centre. https://en.unesco.org/news/exams-and-assessments-covid-19-crisis-fairness-centre
Villalonga-Gómez, C., & Mora-Cantallops, M. (2022). Profiling distance learners in TEL environments: a hierarchical cluster analysis. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(7), 1439-1452. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1876766