Designing "collaboraTTTTive" learning with 4Ts
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Feb 10, 2016
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Abstract
In proposing a method to support the design of CSCL activities, this paper lies at the crossroads between the fields of Learning Design (LD) and Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). In CSCL, notions such as ‘collaborative techniques’ or ‘scripts’ are considered of paramount importance for designing online collaborative learning activities. A number of tools have been implemented to reify these concepts and to visualize them as part of learning designs. However, most of these tools are intended for representing preconceived learning designs that have already taken shape in the designer’s mind; very few, in any, specifically aim to guide and support CSCL designers through the critical initial steps of conceptualizing a design. The work illustrated in this paper addresses this gap by drawing on a model for the design of collaborative activities that is based on the interplay among four essential elements: Task, Teams, Time and Technology. These ‘Ts’ form a conceptual matrix underpinning the decision making that takes place in the process of designing online collaborative activities. The model forms the heart of a specifically-designed multiplayer card game used to engage designer-practitioners themselves in collaborative learning design activities. This tangible card/board game has been successfully tested with 44 practitioner-designers and, as a next step, is due to be enhanced with digital capabilities.
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References
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Bell, P. (2004). Promoting students’ argument construction and collaborative debate in the classroom. In M. C. Linn, E. A. Davis & P. Bell (Eds.), Internet environments for science education. Mahwah, NJ, USA: Erlbaum.
Bergin, J., Eckstein, J., Volter, M., Sipos, M., Wallingford, E., Marquardt, K., ... Manns, M. L. (Eds.) (2012). Pedagogical Patterns: Advice For Educators . New York, NY, USA: Joseph Bergin Software Tools.
Cameron, L. (2009). How learning design can illuminate teaching practice. The Future of Learning Design Conference . Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/fld/09/Program/3
Conole, G. (2010). An overview of design representations. In Dirckinck-Holmfeld, V. Hodgson, C. Jones, M. de Laat, D. McConnell, & T. Ryberg (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Networked Learning 2010 . Retrieved from http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/netlc /past/nlc2010/abstracts/PDFs/Conole_2.pdf
Conole, G. (2013). Designing for learning in an Open World . New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Demetriadis, S., Dimitriadis, Y. & Fischer, F. (2009). Introduction to the SFC-2009 Workshop. In Proceedings of the workshop Scripted vs. free collaboration: alternatives and paths for adaptable and flexible CS scripted collaboration . Retrieved from http://mlab.csd.auth.gr/cscl2009/SFC- files/SFC-2009-WorkshopProceedings.pdf
Dillenbourg, P. (Ed.) (1999). Collaborative Learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches. Amsterdam, NL: Pergamon Press.
Dillenbourg, P. (2002). Over-scripting CSCL: The risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design. In P. A., Kirschner, (Eds.), Three worlds of CSCL. Can we support CSCL (pp. 61-91) . Heerlen, NL: Open Universiteit Nederland.
Dillenbourg, P. & Hong, F. (2008). The Mechanics of Macro Scripts. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning , 3 (1), 5-23.
Dillenbourg, P. & Jermann, P. (2007). Designing Integrative Scripts. In F. Fischer, I. Kollar., H. Mandl and J.M. Haake (Eds.), Scripting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Cognitive, Computational and Educational Perspectives (pp.275-301). New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H. & Haake, J. (Eds.) (2007). Scripting computer-supported collaborative learning: Cognitive, computational and educational perspectives. New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T. & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of distance education , 15 (1), 7-23.
Hernández-Leo, D., Villasclaras-Fernández, E. D., Asensio-Pérez, J. I, Dimitriadis, Y., Jorrín- Abellán, I. M., Ruiz-Requies, I. & Rubia-Avi, B. (2006). COLLAGE: A collaborative Learning Design editor based on patterns. Educational Technology & Society , 9 (1), 58-71.
Hewitt, J. (2005). Toward an understanding of how threads die in asynchronous computer conferences. The Journal of the Learning Sciences , 7 (4), 567-589.
Kanuka, H. & Anderson, T. (1999). Using Constructivism in Technology-Mediated Learning: Constructing Order out of the Chaos in the Literature. Radical Pedagogy, 1(2).
Kollar, I., Fischer, F. & Hesse, F. W. (2006). Computer-supported collaboration scripts - a conceptual analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 18(2), 159-185. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00703937
Koper, R. (2006). Current research in learning design. Educational Technology & Society, 9(1), 13-22.
Liu, C. & Tsai, C. (2008). An analysis of peer interaction patterns as discoursed by on-line small group problem-solving activity. Computers & Education, 50, 627-639.
Palloff, R. M. & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace. San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Pérez-Sanagustín, M., Santos, P., Hernández-Leo, D. & Blat, J. (2012). 4SPPIces: A case study of factors in a scripted collaborative-learning blended course across spatial locations. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 7(3), 443-465.
Persico, D. (1997). Methodological constants in courseware design. British Journal of Educational Technology, 28(2), 111-123.
Persico, D. (2013). Dove sta andando la ricerca sul learning design?. TD Tecnologie Didattiche, 21(1), 58-60. Retrieved from http://www.tdjournal.itd.cnr.it/files/pdfarticles/ PDF58/td58_parer.pdf
Persico, D., & Pozzi, F. (2011). Task, Team and Time to structure online collaboration in learning environments. World Journal on Educational Technology, 3(1), 1-15.
Persico, D., Pozzi, F., Anastopoulou, S., Conole, G., Craft, B., Dimitriadis, Y., … Walmsley, H. (2013). Learning design Rashomon I – supporting the design of one lesson through different approaches. Research in Learning Technology, 21, Supplement “The art and science of learning design”. doi:10.3402/rlt.v21i0.20224
Persico, D., Pozzi, F., & Sarti, L. (2009a). Design patterns for monitoring and evaluating CSCL processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1020-1027. Persico D., Pozzi F., Sarti L. (2009b). Fostering collaboration in CSCL. In A. Cartelli & M. Palma (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Information and Communication Technology, vol. I (pp. 335- 340). Hershey, NY, USA: IGI Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-59904-845-1.ch044
Persico D., Pozzi F., & Sarti L. (2010). Monitoring collaborative activities in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. Distance Education, 31(1), 5-22.
Pozzi, F., Asensio-Pérez, J. I., and Persico, D. (2015). The case for multiple representations in the learning design lifecycle. In B. Gros Kinshuk, & M. Maina (Eds.), The architecture of ubiquitous learning: learning designs for emerging pedagogies, 171-196. New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Pozzi, F., Hofmann, L., Persico, D., Stegmann, L., & Fischer, F. (2011). Structuring CSCL through collaborative techniques and scripts. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design, 1(4), 39-49.
Pozzi, F. & Persico, D. (Eds.) (2011). Techniques for fostering collaboration in online learning communities: theoretical and practical perspectives. Harshey, PA, USA: Information Science Reference - IGI Global.
Pozzi, F., & Persico, D. (2013). Sustaining learning design and pedagogical planning in CSCL. Research in Learning Technology (RiLT) - Supplement 2013, 21: 20224. doi:10.3402/rlt.v21i0.17585.
Pozzi, F., Persico, D., Dimitriadis, Y., Joubert, M., Tissenbaum, M., Tsovaltzi, D., …Wise, A. (2011). Structuring online collaboration through 3Ts: Task, Time and Teams. White Paper at the STELLAR Alpine Rendez-Vous 2011. Retrieved from http://www.telearn.org/warehouse/ARV2011_W hitePaper_StructuringOnlineCollaborationthroug h3Ts_%28006754v1%29.pdf
Ronen, M., Kohen-Vacs, D. & Raz-Fogel, N. (2006). Structuring, Sharing and Reusing Asynchronous Collaborative Pedagogy. International Conference of the Learning Sciences, ICLS 2006, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison D.R., & Archer, W. (2007). Assessing social presence in asynchronous text-based computer conferencing. The Journal of Distance Education/Revue de l’Éducation à Distance, 14(2), 50-71.
Scardamalia, M. & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265-283.
The Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt (1991). Some thoughts about constructivism and instructional design. Educational Technology, 31(10), 16-18.
Villasclaras-Fernández, E., Hernández-Leo, D., Asensio-Pérez, J. I., & Dimitriadis, Y. (2013). Web Collage: an implementation of support for assessment design in CSCL macro-scripts. Computers & Education, 67, 79-97.
Weinberger, A., Ertl, B., Fischer, F. & Mandl, H. (2004). Cooperation Scripts for Learning via Web-Based Discussion Boards and Videoconferencing. EARLI SIM 2004, Tubingen. Retrieved from http://www.cs.uu.nl/docs/ vakken/b3elg/literatuur_files/weinberg.pdf
Wessner, M., & Pfister, H.-R. (2001). Group formation in computer-supported collaborative learning. In Proceedings of the 2001 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, 24-31.
Bell, P. (2004). Promoting students’ argument construction and collaborative debate in the classroom. In M. C. Linn, E. A. Davis & P. Bell (Eds.), Internet environments for science education. Mahwah, NJ, USA: Erlbaum.
Bergin, J., Eckstein, J., Volter, M., Sipos, M., Wallingford, E., Marquardt, K., ... Manns, M. L. (Eds.) (2012). Pedagogical Patterns: Advice For Educators . New York, NY, USA: Joseph Bergin Software Tools.
Cameron, L. (2009). How learning design can illuminate teaching practice. The Future of Learning Design Conference . Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/fld/09/Program/3
Conole, G. (2010). An overview of design representations. In Dirckinck-Holmfeld, V. Hodgson, C. Jones, M. de Laat, D. McConnell, & T. Ryberg (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Networked Learning 2010 . Retrieved from http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/organisations/netlc /past/nlc2010/abstracts/PDFs/Conole_2.pdf
Conole, G. (2013). Designing for learning in an Open World . New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Demetriadis, S., Dimitriadis, Y. & Fischer, F. (2009). Introduction to the SFC-2009 Workshop. In Proceedings of the workshop Scripted vs. free collaboration: alternatives and paths for adaptable and flexible CS scripted collaboration . Retrieved from http://mlab.csd.auth.gr/cscl2009/SFC- files/SFC-2009-WorkshopProceedings.pdf
Dillenbourg, P. (Ed.) (1999). Collaborative Learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches. Amsterdam, NL: Pergamon Press.
Dillenbourg, P. (2002). Over-scripting CSCL: The risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design. In P. A., Kirschner, (Eds.), Three worlds of CSCL. Can we support CSCL (pp. 61-91) . Heerlen, NL: Open Universiteit Nederland.
Dillenbourg, P. & Hong, F. (2008). The Mechanics of Macro Scripts. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning , 3 (1), 5-23.
Dillenbourg, P. & Jermann, P. (2007). Designing Integrative Scripts. In F. Fischer, I. Kollar., H. Mandl and J.M. Haake (Eds.), Scripting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Cognitive, Computational and Educational Perspectives (pp.275-301). New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H. & Haake, J. (Eds.) (2007). Scripting computer-supported collaborative learning: Cognitive, computational and educational perspectives. New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T. & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of distance education , 15 (1), 7-23.
Hernández-Leo, D., Villasclaras-Fernández, E. D., Asensio-Pérez, J. I, Dimitriadis, Y., Jorrín- Abellán, I. M., Ruiz-Requies, I. & Rubia-Avi, B. (2006). COLLAGE: A collaborative Learning Design editor based on patterns. Educational Technology & Society , 9 (1), 58-71.
Hewitt, J. (2005). Toward an understanding of how threads die in asynchronous computer conferences. The Journal of the Learning Sciences , 7 (4), 567-589.
Kanuka, H. & Anderson, T. (1999). Using Constructivism in Technology-Mediated Learning: Constructing Order out of the Chaos in the Literature. Radical Pedagogy, 1(2).
Kollar, I., Fischer, F. & Hesse, F. W. (2006). Computer-supported collaboration scripts - a conceptual analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 18(2), 159-185. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00703937
Koper, R. (2006). Current research in learning design. Educational Technology & Society, 9(1), 13-22.
Liu, C. & Tsai, C. (2008). An analysis of peer interaction patterns as discoursed by on-line small group problem-solving activity. Computers & Education, 50, 627-639.
Palloff, R. M. & Pratt, K. (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace. San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Pérez-Sanagustín, M., Santos, P., Hernández-Leo, D. & Blat, J. (2012). 4SPPIces: A case study of factors in a scripted collaborative-learning blended course across spatial locations. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 7(3), 443-465.
Persico, D. (1997). Methodological constants in courseware design. British Journal of Educational Technology, 28(2), 111-123.
Persico, D. (2013). Dove sta andando la ricerca sul learning design?. TD Tecnologie Didattiche, 21(1), 58-60. Retrieved from http://www.tdjournal.itd.cnr.it/files/pdfarticles/ PDF58/td58_parer.pdf
Persico, D., & Pozzi, F. (2011). Task, Team and Time to structure online collaboration in learning environments. World Journal on Educational Technology, 3(1), 1-15.
Persico, D., Pozzi, F., Anastopoulou, S., Conole, G., Craft, B., Dimitriadis, Y., … Walmsley, H. (2013). Learning design Rashomon I – supporting the design of one lesson through different approaches. Research in Learning Technology, 21, Supplement “The art and science of learning design”. doi:10.3402/rlt.v21i0.20224
Persico, D., Pozzi, F., & Sarti, L. (2009a). Design patterns for monitoring and evaluating CSCL processes. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1020-1027. Persico D., Pozzi F., Sarti L. (2009b). Fostering collaboration in CSCL. In A. Cartelli & M. Palma (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Information and Communication Technology, vol. I (pp. 335- 340). Hershey, NY, USA: IGI Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-59904-845-1.ch044
Persico D., Pozzi F., & Sarti L. (2010). Monitoring collaborative activities in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. Distance Education, 31(1), 5-22.
Pozzi, F., Asensio-Pérez, J. I., and Persico, D. (2015). The case for multiple representations in the learning design lifecycle. In B. Gros Kinshuk, & M. Maina (Eds.), The architecture of ubiquitous learning: learning designs for emerging pedagogies, 171-196. New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Pozzi, F., Hofmann, L., Persico, D., Stegmann, L., & Fischer, F. (2011). Structuring CSCL through collaborative techniques and scripts. International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design, 1(4), 39-49.
Pozzi, F. & Persico, D. (Eds.) (2011). Techniques for fostering collaboration in online learning communities: theoretical and practical perspectives. Harshey, PA, USA: Information Science Reference - IGI Global.
Pozzi, F., & Persico, D. (2013). Sustaining learning design and pedagogical planning in CSCL. Research in Learning Technology (RiLT) - Supplement 2013, 21: 20224. doi:10.3402/rlt.v21i0.17585.
Pozzi, F., Persico, D., Dimitriadis, Y., Joubert, M., Tissenbaum, M., Tsovaltzi, D., …Wise, A. (2011). Structuring online collaboration through 3Ts: Task, Time and Teams. White Paper at the STELLAR Alpine Rendez-Vous 2011. Retrieved from http://www.telearn.org/warehouse/ARV2011_W hitePaper_StructuringOnlineCollaborationthroug h3Ts_%28006754v1%29.pdf
Ronen, M., Kohen-Vacs, D. & Raz-Fogel, N. (2006). Structuring, Sharing and Reusing Asynchronous Collaborative Pedagogy. International Conference of the Learning Sciences, ICLS 2006, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison D.R., & Archer, W. (2007). Assessing social presence in asynchronous text-based computer conferencing. The Journal of Distance Education/Revue de l’Éducation à Distance, 14(2), 50-71.
Scardamalia, M. & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265-283.
The Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt (1991). Some thoughts about constructivism and instructional design. Educational Technology, 31(10), 16-18.
Villasclaras-Fernández, E., Hernández-Leo, D., Asensio-Pérez, J. I., & Dimitriadis, Y. (2013). Web Collage: an implementation of support for assessment design in CSCL macro-scripts. Computers & Education, 67, 79-97.
Weinberger, A., Ertl, B., Fischer, F. & Mandl, H. (2004). Cooperation Scripts for Learning via Web-Based Discussion Boards and Videoconferencing. EARLI SIM 2004, Tubingen. Retrieved from http://www.cs.uu.nl/docs/ vakken/b3elg/literatuur_files/weinberg.pdf
Wessner, M., & Pfister, H.-R. (2001). Group formation in computer-supported collaborative learning. In Proceedings of the 2001 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, 24-31.