ASPETTI E METODI DI VALUTAZIONE INNOVATIVI IN ATTIVITÀ DI FORMAZIONE PER LO SVILUPPO PROFESSIONALE CONTINUO DEGLI INSEGNANTI
Barra laterale dell'articolo
Pubblicato:
May 5, 2020
Parole chiave:
Sviluppo Professionale degli Insegnanti, Sviluppo Professionale Continuo, Innovazione della Formazione, Formazione in Servizio, Formazione degli Insegnanti, Tecnologie Didattiche, Tecnologie per l'Apprendimento
Contenuto principale dell'articolo
Abstract
Il presente contributo si propone di analizzare gli aspetti e i metodi di valutazione innovativi di un’attività di formazione per lo Sviluppo Professionale Continuo di insegnanti, nonché di esaminarne i risultati ottenuti. Il contributo, dopo aver introdotto lo scenario in cui si posiziona lo Sviluppo Professionale Continuo ed evidenziato la rilevanza che quest’ultimo assume nel contesto italiano, descrive le caratteristiche di contenuto e di struttura della formazione, oltre a fornire una narrazione descrittiva di un esempio di attività. La formazione viene analizzata in base alle aree e agli attributi dell'innovazione e agli elementi chiave di un efficace Sviluppo Professionale Continuo rivolto agli insegnanti. Vengono esaminati i metodi di valutazione della formazione, sia tradizionali che innovativi, e discussi i risultati ottenuti. Le analisi effettuate mettono in luce come la formazione abbia conseguito risultati positivi incoraggianti.
Dettagli dell'articolo
Fascicolo
Sezione
Articoli - Numero speciale
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Riferimenti bibliografici
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Bocconi, S., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2012). Innovating learning: key elements for developing creative classrooms in Europe. Luxembourg, LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi: 10.2791/90566
Carless, D., & Chan, K. K. H. (2017). Managing dialogic use of exemplars. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(6), 930-941. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2016.1211246
Carless, D., Chan, K. K. H., To, J., Lo, M., & Barrett, E. (2018). Developing students’ capacities for evaluative judgement through analysing exemplars. In D. Boud, R. Ajjawi, P. Dawson, & J. Tai (Eds), Developing Evaluative Judgement in Higher Education: Assessment for knowing and producing quality work (pp. 108-116). London, UK: Routledge.
Cecchinato, G., & Papa, R. (2016). Flipped classroom: un nuovo modo di insegnare e apprendere. Torino, IT: UTET.
Cecchinato, G., Papa, R., & Foschi, L. C. (2019). Bringing game elements to the classroom: The role of challenge and technology. Italian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(2), 158-173. doi: 10.17471/2499-4324/1078
Cho, K., & MacArthur, C. (2011). Learning by reviewing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 73-84. doi: 10.1037/a0021950
Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291-309. doi: 10.1080/02619768.2017.1315399
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Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective Teacher Professional Development. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Learning Policy Institute.
Darling-Hammond, L., Wei, R. C., Andree, A., Richardson, N., & Orphanos, S. (2009). Professional learning in the learning profession: A status report on teacher development in the United States and abroad. Dallas, TX, USA: National Staff Development Council.
Davies, P. (2006). Peer assessment: Judging the quality of students work by comments rather than marks. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 43(1), 69-82. doi: 10.1080/14703290500467566
Davies, P. (2009). Review and reward within the computerised peer‐assessment of essays. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(3), 321-333. doi: 10.1080/02602930802071072
Desimone, L. M. (2009). Improving impact studies of teachers’ professional development: Toward better conceptualizations and measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181–199. doi: 10.3102/0013189X08331140
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European Council (2009b). Council conclusions of 26 November 2009 on the professional development of teachers and school leaders. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:302:0006:0009:EN:PDF
European Council (2013). Council recommendation of 9 July 2013on the National Reform Programme 2013 of Italy and delivering a Council opinion on the Stability Programme of Italy, 2012-2017. Bruxelles, BE: European Council.
European Council (2014). Council conclusions of 20 May 2014 on effective teacher education. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014XG0614(05)&from=EN
European Council (2017). Council Conclusions on school development and excellent teaching. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52017XG1208%2801%29&from=EN
European Council (2018). Council recommendation of 13 July 2018 on the 2018 National Reform Programme of Italy and delivering a Council opinion on the 2018 Stability Programme of Italy. Bruxelles, BE: European Council.
Eurostat (2017). Classroom teachers and academic staff by education level, programme orientation, sex and age groups. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/product?code=educ_uoe_perp01
Foschi, L. C., & Cecchinato, G. (2019). Validity and reliability of peer-grading in in-service teacher training. Italian Journal of Educational Research, Special Issue, 177-194. doi: 10.7346/SIRD-1S2019-P177
Foschi, L. C., Cecchinato, G., & Say, F. (2019). Quis iudicabit ipsos iudices? Analisi dello sviluppo di competenze in un percorso di formazione per insegnanti tramite la valutazione tra pari l’autovalutazione. Italian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(1), 49-64. doi: 10.17471/2499-4324/1019
Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915-945. doi: 10.3102/00028312038004915
Guskey, T.R. (2002). Does it make a difference? Evaluating professional development. Educational Leadership, 59 (6), 45–51.
Guskey, T.R., Roy, P., & von Frank, V. (2014). Reach the highest standard in professional learning: Data. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Corwin.
King, F. (2014). Evaluating the impact of teacher professional development: an evidence-based framework. Professional Development in Education, 40(1), 89–111. doi: 10.1080/19415257.2013.823099
Krathwohl, D. R. (2002). A revision of bloom’s taxonomy: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(4), 212-218. doi: 10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2
Leadbeater, C., & Wong, A. (2010). Learning from the extremes. Retrieved from www.cisco.com/web/about/citizenship/socioeconomic/docs/LearningfromExtremes_WhitePaper.pdf
Li, H., Xiong, Y., Zang, X., Kornhaber, M. L., Lyu, Y., Chung, K. S., & Suen, H. K. (2016). Peer assessment in the digital age: A meta-analysis comparing peer and teacher ratings. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(2), 245-264. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2014.999746
Mazur, E. (1997). Peer Instruction: A user’s manual. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
MIUR (2016). 2016-2019 Teacher Training Plan. Retrieved 12/28, 2019, from https://www.istruzione.it/allegati/2016/Piano_Formazione_3ott.pdf
MIUR (2019). Permanent teachers. Public school. Retrieved from https://dati.istruzione.it/opendata/opendata/catalogo/elements1/leaf/?datasetId=DS0600DOCTIT
Nicol, D., Thomson, A., & Breslin, C. (2014). Rethinking feedback practices in higher education: A peer review perspective. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(1), 102-122. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2013.795518
O’Mahony, T. K., Vye, N. J., Bransford, J. D., Sanders, E. A., Stevens, R., Stephens, ... Soleiman, M.K. (2012). A comparison of lecture-based and challenge-based learning in a workplace setting: Course designs, patterns of interactivity, and learning outcomes. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21(1), 182- 206. doi: 10.1080/10508406.2011.611775
OECD (2005). Teachers matter: Attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264018044-en
OECD (2010). Inspired by technology, driven by pedagogy: A systemic approach to technology-based school innovations. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/20769679
OECD (2014). TALIS 2013 Results: An international perspective on teaching and learning. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264196261-en
OECD (2017). How can professional development enhance teachers’ classroom practices? Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/2745d679-en
OECD (2018). Effective teacher policies: Insights from PISA. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264301603-en
OECD (2019). TALIS 2018 Results (Vol. 1): Teachers and school leaders as lifelong learners. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/1d0bc92a-en
OECD/Eurostat (2018). Oslo manual 2018: guidelines for collecting, reporting and using data on innovation, 4th Edition. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing/Luxembourg, LU: Eurostat. doi: 10.1787/9789264304604-en
Orsmond, P., Merry, S., & Reiling, K. (2002). The use of exemplars and formative feedback when using student derived marking criteria in peer and self-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 27(4), 309-323. doi: 10.1080/0260293022000001337
Rivkin, S. G., Hanushek, E. A., & Kain, J. F. (2005). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement. Econometrica, 73(2), 417-458. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00584.x
Sadler, D. R. (1987). Specifying and promulgating achievement standards. Oxford Review of Education, 13(2), 191-209. doi: 10.1080/0305498870130207
Sadler, D. R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18(2), 119-144. doi: 10.1007/BF00117714
Scheerens, J. (2000). Improving school effectiveness. fundamentals of educational planning (Vol. 68). Paris, FR: UNESCO, International Institute for educational planning.
Schwartz, D. L., Lin, X., Brophy, S., & Bransford, J. D. (1999). Toward the development of flexibly adaptive instructional designs. Hillsdale, MI, USA: Erlbaum.
Swennen, A., Lunenberg, M., & Korthagen, F. (2008). Preach what you teach! Teacher educators and congruent teaching. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 14, 531–542. doi: 10.1080/13540600802571387
Tai, J., Ajjawi, R., Boud, D., Dawson, P., & Panadero, E. (2018). Developing evaluative judgement: enabling students to make decisions about the quality of work. Higher Education, 76(3), 467-481. doi: 10.1007/s10734-017-0220-3
Timperley, H., Wilson, A., Barrar, H., & Fung, I. (2007). Teacher professional learning and development: Best evidence synthesis iteration. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Education.
UNESCO (2016). Education 2030: Incheon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of sustainable development goal 4. Paris, FR: UNESCO.
United Nations (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York, NY, USA: UN.
Vuorikari, R. (2018). Innovating professional development in compulsory education – Examples and cases of emerging practices for teacher professional development. Luxembourg, LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi: 10.2760/734136
Vuorikari, R. (2019). Innovating professional development in compulsory education - An analysis of practices aimed at improving teaching and learning. Luxembourg, LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi: 10.2760/948518
Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W. Y., Scarloss, B., & Shapley, K. (2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement (Issues & Answers Report, REL 2007 - No. 033). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest.
Avery, J. (2014). Leveraging crowdsourced peer-to-peer assessments to enhance the case method of learning. Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education, 22(1), 1-15.
Barber, M., & M. Mourshed, M. (2009). Shaping the Future: How good education systems can become great in the decade ahead. Report on the international education roundtable 7 July 2009, Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.eurekanet.ru/res_ru/0_hfile_1906_1.pdf
Bell, A., Mladenovic, R., & Price, M. (2013). Students’ perceptions of the usefulness of marking guides, grade descriptors and annotated exemplars. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 38(7), 769-788. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2012.714738
Bocconi, S., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2012). Innovating learning: key elements for developing creative classrooms in Europe. Luxembourg, LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi: 10.2791/90566
Carless, D., & Chan, K. K. H. (2017). Managing dialogic use of exemplars. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(6), 930-941. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2016.1211246
Carless, D., Chan, K. K. H., To, J., Lo, M., & Barrett, E. (2018). Developing students’ capacities for evaluative judgement through analysing exemplars. In D. Boud, R. Ajjawi, P. Dawson, & J. Tai (Eds), Developing Evaluative Judgement in Higher Education: Assessment for knowing and producing quality work (pp. 108-116). London, UK: Routledge.
Cecchinato, G., & Papa, R. (2016). Flipped classroom: un nuovo modo di insegnare e apprendere. Torino, IT: UTET.
Cecchinato, G., Papa, R., & Foschi, L. C. (2019). Bringing game elements to the classroom: The role of challenge and technology. Italian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(2), 158-173. doi: 10.17471/2499-4324/1078
Cho, K., & MacArthur, C. (2011). Learning by reviewing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(1), 73-84. doi: 10.1037/a0021950
Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291-309. doi: 10.1080/02619768.2017.1315399
Darling-Hammond, L., Holtzman, D. J., Gatlin, S. J., & Heilig, J. V. (2005). Does teacher preparation matter? Evidence about teacher certification, Teach for America, and teacher effectiveness. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 13(42), 1-48. doi: 10.14507/epaa.v13n42.2005
Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective Teacher Professional Development. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Learning Policy Institute.
Darling-Hammond, L., Wei, R. C., Andree, A., Richardson, N., & Orphanos, S. (2009). Professional learning in the learning profession: A status report on teacher development in the United States and abroad. Dallas, TX, USA: National Staff Development Council.
Davies, P. (2006). Peer assessment: Judging the quality of students work by comments rather than marks. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 43(1), 69-82. doi: 10.1080/14703290500467566
Davies, P. (2009). Review and reward within the computerised peer‐assessment of essays. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(3), 321-333. doi: 10.1080/02602930802071072
Desimone, L. M. (2009). Improving impact studies of teachers’ professional development: Toward better conceptualizations and measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181–199. doi: 10.3102/0013189X08331140
Desimone, L. M., & Garet, M. S. (2015). Best practices in teachers’ professional development in the United States. Psychology, Society and Education, 7(3), 252–263.
European Commission (2005). Common European principles for teacher competences and qualifications. Bruxelles, BE: European Commission.
European Commission (2007). Improving the Quality of Teacher Education. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52007DC0392&from=EN
European Commission (2013). Supporting teacher competence development for better learning outcomes. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/education/experts-groups/2011-2013/teacher/teachercomp_en.pdf
European Council (2009a). Council conclusions of 12 May 2009 on a strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (‘ET 2020’). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52009XG0528(01)&from=EN
European Council (2009b). Council conclusions of 26 November 2009 on the professional development of teachers and school leaders. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:302:0006:0009:EN:PDF
European Council (2013). Council recommendation of 9 July 2013on the National Reform Programme 2013 of Italy and delivering a Council opinion on the Stability Programme of Italy, 2012-2017. Bruxelles, BE: European Council.
European Council (2014). Council conclusions of 20 May 2014 on effective teacher education. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014XG0614(05)&from=EN
European Council (2017). Council Conclusions on school development and excellent teaching. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52017XG1208%2801%29&from=EN
European Council (2018). Council recommendation of 13 July 2018 on the 2018 National Reform Programme of Italy and delivering a Council opinion on the 2018 Stability Programme of Italy. Bruxelles, BE: European Council.
Eurostat (2017). Classroom teachers and academic staff by education level, programme orientation, sex and age groups. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/product?code=educ_uoe_perp01
Foschi, L. C., & Cecchinato, G. (2019). Validity and reliability of peer-grading in in-service teacher training. Italian Journal of Educational Research, Special Issue, 177-194. doi: 10.7346/SIRD-1S2019-P177
Foschi, L. C., Cecchinato, G., & Say, F. (2019). Quis iudicabit ipsos iudices? Analisi dello sviluppo di competenze in un percorso di formazione per insegnanti tramite la valutazione tra pari l’autovalutazione. Italian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(1), 49-64. doi: 10.17471/2499-4324/1019
Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915-945. doi: 10.3102/00028312038004915
Guskey, T.R. (2002). Does it make a difference? Evaluating professional development. Educational Leadership, 59 (6), 45–51.
Guskey, T.R., Roy, P., & von Frank, V. (2014). Reach the highest standard in professional learning: Data. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Corwin.
King, F. (2014). Evaluating the impact of teacher professional development: an evidence-based framework. Professional Development in Education, 40(1), 89–111. doi: 10.1080/19415257.2013.823099
Krathwohl, D. R. (2002). A revision of bloom’s taxonomy: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(4), 212-218. doi: 10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2
Leadbeater, C., & Wong, A. (2010). Learning from the extremes. Retrieved from www.cisco.com/web/about/citizenship/socioeconomic/docs/LearningfromExtremes_WhitePaper.pdf
Li, H., Xiong, Y., Zang, X., Kornhaber, M. L., Lyu, Y., Chung, K. S., & Suen, H. K. (2016). Peer assessment in the digital age: A meta-analysis comparing peer and teacher ratings. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(2), 245-264. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2014.999746
Mazur, E. (1997). Peer Instruction: A user’s manual. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
MIUR (2016). 2016-2019 Teacher Training Plan. Retrieved 12/28, 2019, from https://www.istruzione.it/allegati/2016/Piano_Formazione_3ott.pdf
MIUR (2019). Permanent teachers. Public school. Retrieved from https://dati.istruzione.it/opendata/opendata/catalogo/elements1/leaf/?datasetId=DS0600DOCTIT
Nicol, D., Thomson, A., & Breslin, C. (2014). Rethinking feedback practices in higher education: A peer review perspective. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(1), 102-122. doi: 10.1080/02602938.2013.795518
O’Mahony, T. K., Vye, N. J., Bransford, J. D., Sanders, E. A., Stevens, R., Stephens, ... Soleiman, M.K. (2012). A comparison of lecture-based and challenge-based learning in a workplace setting: Course designs, patterns of interactivity, and learning outcomes. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21(1), 182- 206. doi: 10.1080/10508406.2011.611775
OECD (2005). Teachers matter: Attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264018044-en
OECD (2010). Inspired by technology, driven by pedagogy: A systemic approach to technology-based school innovations. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/20769679
OECD (2014). TALIS 2013 Results: An international perspective on teaching and learning. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264196261-en
OECD (2017). How can professional development enhance teachers’ classroom practices? Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/2745d679-en
OECD (2018). Effective teacher policies: Insights from PISA. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/9789264301603-en
OECD (2019). TALIS 2018 Results (Vol. 1): Teachers and school leaders as lifelong learners. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/1d0bc92a-en
OECD/Eurostat (2018). Oslo manual 2018: guidelines for collecting, reporting and using data on innovation, 4th Edition. Paris, FR: OECD Publishing/Luxembourg, LU: Eurostat. doi: 10.1787/9789264304604-en
Orsmond, P., Merry, S., & Reiling, K. (2002). The use of exemplars and formative feedback when using student derived marking criteria in peer and self-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 27(4), 309-323. doi: 10.1080/0260293022000001337
Rivkin, S. G., Hanushek, E. A., & Kain, J. F. (2005). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement. Econometrica, 73(2), 417-458. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00584.x
Sadler, D. R. (1987). Specifying and promulgating achievement standards. Oxford Review of Education, 13(2), 191-209. doi: 10.1080/0305498870130207
Sadler, D. R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18(2), 119-144. doi: 10.1007/BF00117714
Scheerens, J. (2000). Improving school effectiveness. fundamentals of educational planning (Vol. 68). Paris, FR: UNESCO, International Institute for educational planning.
Schwartz, D. L., Lin, X., Brophy, S., & Bransford, J. D. (1999). Toward the development of flexibly adaptive instructional designs. Hillsdale, MI, USA: Erlbaum.
Swennen, A., Lunenberg, M., & Korthagen, F. (2008). Preach what you teach! Teacher educators and congruent teaching. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 14, 531–542. doi: 10.1080/13540600802571387
Tai, J., Ajjawi, R., Boud, D., Dawson, P., & Panadero, E. (2018). Developing evaluative judgement: enabling students to make decisions about the quality of work. Higher Education, 76(3), 467-481. doi: 10.1007/s10734-017-0220-3
Timperley, H., Wilson, A., Barrar, H., & Fung, I. (2007). Teacher professional learning and development: Best evidence synthesis iteration. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Education.
UNESCO (2016). Education 2030: Incheon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of sustainable development goal 4. Paris, FR: UNESCO.
United Nations (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York, NY, USA: UN.
Vuorikari, R. (2018). Innovating professional development in compulsory education – Examples and cases of emerging practices for teacher professional development. Luxembourg, LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi: 10.2760/734136
Vuorikari, R. (2019). Innovating professional development in compulsory education - An analysis of practices aimed at improving teaching and learning. Luxembourg, LU: Publications Office of the European Union. doi: 10.2760/948518
Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W. Y., Scarloss, B., & Shapley, K. (2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement (Issues & Answers Report, REL 2007 - No. 033). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest.